cognitive bias: Illusory superiority, delusions of grandeur, Dunning–Kruger effect

https://www.britannica.com/science/Dunning-Kruger-effect

Although not scientifically explored until the late 20th century, the phenomenon is familiar from ordinary life, and it has long been attested in common sayings—

e.g., “A little knowledge is a dangerous thing”—

and in observations by writers and wits through the ages—

e.g., “Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge” (Charles Darwin).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_superiority#:~:text=In%20the%20field%20of%20social,and%20abilities%20of%20other%20people.

Illusory superiority

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Not to be confused with grandiose delusion or grandiosity.

In the field of social psychology, illusory superiority is a condition of cognitive bias wherein a person overestimates their own qualities and abilities, in relation to the same qualities and abilities of other people. Illusory superiority is one of many positive illusions, relating to the self, that are evident in the study of intelligence, the effective performance of tasks and tests, and the possession of desirable personal characteristics and personality traits.

The term illusory superiority was first used by the researchers Van Yperen and Buunk, in 1991. The phenomenon is also known as the above-average effect, the superiority bias, the leniency error, the sense of relative superiority, the primus inter pares effect,^[1] and the Lake Wobegon effect, named after the fictional town where all the children are above average.^[2]

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Dunning–Kruger effect

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The Dunning–Kruger effect is a hypothetical cognitive bias stating that people with low ability at a task overestimate their ability.

As described by social psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger, the bias results from an internal illusion in people of low ability and from an external misperception in people of high ability; that is, "the miscalibration of the incompetent stems from an error about the self, whereas the miscalibration of the highly competent stems from an error about others".^[1] It is related to the cognitive bias of illusory superiority and comes from people's inability to recognize their lack of ability. Without the self-awareness of metacognition, people cannot objectively evaluate their level of competence.

The effect, or Dunning and Kruger's original explanation for the effect, has been challenged by mathematical analyses^[2][3][4][5] and comparisons across cultures.^[6][7]

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