questions about MN 21.
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I highlight the sutta links that jump directly to relevant passages in MN 21. |
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I highlight the sutta links that jump directly to relevant passages in MN 21. |
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Dhp 23 (jhāna all the time leads to nirvana)
Dhp 27 (negligent contrast with assiduous jhāna meditator)
Dhp 110 (single day with jhāna and virtue better than 100 years without)
Dhp 111 (single day with jhāna and discernment better than 100 years without)
Dhp 155 (obsessive jhāna level focus on food)
Dhp 181 (gods envious of Buddhas engaged in jhāna)
Dhp 276 (Buddha points way but you have to work, jhāna meditators freed from Māra)
Dhp 371 (not doing jhāna is negligent)
Dhp 372 (need both jhāna and discernment for nirvana)
Dhp 386 (sitting in jhāna, dustless, arahant)
Dhp 387 (warrior shines in armor and jhāna)
Dhp 395 (brahman does jhāna alone in forest)
Dhp 414 (arahant in jhāna, unperturbed, nirvana’d)
♦ te jhāyino sātatikā, | Those who do jhāna all the time, |
niccaṃ daḷha-parakkamā. | constant and firm in their effort, |
♦ phusanti dhīrā nibbānaṃ, | those wise ones reach nirvana, |
Yoga-k-khemaṃ an-uttaraṃ. | the un-surpassed release from all bonds. |
♦ mā pamādam-anuyuñjetha, | Don’t devote yourself to negligence, |
mā kāma-rati-santhavaṃ VAR . | don’t delight in sexual intimacy and sensual pleasures. |
♦ appamatto hi jhāyanto, | for the assiduous jhāna meditator |
pappoti vipulaṃ sukhaṃ. | certainly will attain abundant pleasure. |
♦ 110. | |
♦ yo ca vassa-sataṃ jīve, | (rather than) live one hundred years |
du-s-sīlo a-samāhito. | with corrupt virtue and without undistractible-lucidity |
♦ ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, | it is better to live a single day |
sīlavantassa jhāyino. | with virtue and jhāna. |
♦ 111. | |
♦ yo ca vassa-sataṃ jīve, | (rather than) live one hundred years |
du-p-pañño a-samāhito. | with corrupt discernment and without undistractible-lucidity |
♦ ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, | it is better to live a single day |
paññavantassa jhāyino. | with discernment and jhāna. |
♦ 155. | |
♦ acaritvā brahmacariyaṃ, | Those who in youth have not led the holy life, |
a-laddhā yobbane dhanaṃ. | or have failed to acquire wealth, |
♦ jiṇṇa-koñcāva jhāyanti, | obsessively [search for food] like old cranes |
Khīṇa-maccheva pallale. | in the pond without fish. |
jhāna = singular focus, obsessive focus, doesn't always mean four jhānas, can also refer to obsessive focus based on 5 hindrances, such as tantric sex, animals focused on hunting prey, brooding depression, worry and regret. Cranes in above verse could arguably be brooding with regret, rather than hunting for food. |
♦ acaritvā brahmacariyaṃ, | Those who in youth have not lead the holy life, |
aladdhā yobbane dhanaṃ. | or have failed to acquire wealth, |
♦ senti cāpātikhīṇāva, | lie sighing over the past, |
purāṇāni anutthunaṃ. | like worn out arrows (shot from) a bow. |
♦ 181. | |
♦ ye jhāna-pasutā dhīrā, | Those wise ones who are engaged-in-jhāna |
Nekkhamm-ūpasame ratā. | and relish peace and renunciation, |
♦ devāpi tesaṃ pihayanti, | even the gods are envious of them, |
Sam-buddhānaṃ satīmataṃ. | the buddhas who remember [and actualize the Dharma]. |
♦ 276. | |
♦ tumhehi kiccamātappaṃ, | You yourselves must strive; |
akkhātāro tathāgatā. | the Buddhas only point the way. |
♦ paṭipannā pamokkhanti, | Those Jhāna-meditators who tread the path |
jhāyino māra-bandhanā. | are released from Mara’s-bonds. |
♦ 371. | |
♦ jhāya bhikkhu VAR mā pamādo VAR, | Do Jhāna, O monk! Do not be heedless. |
mā te kāmaguṇe ramessu VAR cittaṃ. | do not let your mind relish [the five] cords of sensual pleasure. |
♦ mā lohaguḷaṃ gilī pamatto, | Don’t be Heedless, swallow a red-hot iron ball, |
mā kandi “dukkhamidan”ti ḍayhamāno. | lest you cry when burning, “O this is painful!” |
♦ 372. | |
♦ n-atthi jhānaṃ a-paññassa, | There’s no jhāna for those without discernment, |
paññā n-atthi a-jhāyato. | For those with no discernment there is no jhāna. |
♦ yamhi jhānañca paññā ca, | Those who have both jhāna and discernment |
sa ve nibbāna-santike. | are definitely close to nirvana. |
♦ 386. | |
♦ jhāyiṃ virajam-āsīnaṃ, | sitting in jhāna, dustless, |
Kata-kiccam-an-āsavaṃ. | their task completed, without asinine-inclinations, |
♦ uttam-attham-anuppattaṃ, | arrived at the highest goal: |
tam-ahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. | that’s who I call a brahmin. |
♦ 387. | |
♦ divā tapati ādicco, | The sun shines by day, |
Rattim-ābhāti candimā. | the moon illuminates at night. |
♦ sannaddho khattiyo tapati, | The warrior-noble shines in armor, |
jhāyī tapati brāhmaṇo. | the holy man shines in jhāna. |
♦ atha sabbam-ahorattiṃ VAR, | But all day and all night |
buddho tapati tejasā. | the Buddha shines with glory. |
♦ 395. | |
♦ paṃsukūladharaṃ jantuṃ, | That one who wears discarded clothes, |
kisaṃ dhamanisanthataṃ. | who is lean with protruding veins, |
♦ ekaṃ vanasmiṃ jhāyantaṃ, | who does-jhāna alone in the forest, |
tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. | that one I say is a brahmin. |
♦ 414. | |
♦ yomaṃ VAR palipathaṃ duggaṃ, | He who has crossed the difficult and dangerous path |
saṃsāraṃ mohamaccagā. | through births and deaths and delusion, |
♦ tiṇṇo pāragato VAR jhāyī, | the jhāna-meditator who has crossed over to the further shore, |
anejo akathaṃkathī. | unperturbed and free of doubt, |
♦ anupādāya nibbuto, | unattached and [cooled down] in nirvana, |
tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ. | that one I say is a brahmin. |
In contrast to one correct way to interpret this passage, as I detail here:
Sujato claims that the simile in the metta sutta, where the mother "protects" (rakkhati) the child
really should be "preserve" (rakkhati).
Mātā yathā niyaṃ puttam āyusā ekaputtam anurakkhe;
Just as a mother would preserve with [her] life [her] own child, [her] only child,
Evampi sabbabhūtesu mānasaṃ bhāvaye aparimāṇaṃ.
so too [one] should develop a limitless heart for all creatures.
What does it mean to "preserve your child"? It's a really awkward and unclear expression.
You going to turn your child into jam (preserve)?
You want to preserve your child from getting moldy or spoiled?
The mother obviously needs to "protect" the child, not "preserve" it. Even if you want to say "preserve", you're preserving the child's life, not preserving the child's fear, or preserving the child's bad habits, etc.
And what's a more concise way of saying "preserve a child's life"?
You got it. "Protect" (rakkhati).
Sujato even uses "protect", not "preserve", on this all important passage that occurs much more frequently than the other passages where he claims 'anu-rakkhati' means 'preserves' (such as anu-rakkhati of a samādhi nimitta).
AN 4.41 right effort of restraint, guarding the sense doors,
Katamañca, bhikkhave, saṃvarappadhānaṃ? | And what, monks, is the effort to restrain? |
Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu cakkhunā rūpaṃ disvā na nimittaggāhī hoti nānubyañjanaggāhī. | When a monk sees a sight with their eyes, they don’t get caught up in the features and details. |
Yatvādhikaraṇamenaṃ cakkhundriyaṃ asaṃvutaṃ viharantaṃ abhijjhādomanassā pāpakā akusalā dhammā anvāssaveyyuṃ, tassa saṃvarāya paṭipajjati, rakkhati cakkhundriyaṃ, cakkhundriye saṃvaraṃ āpajjati. | If the faculty of sight were left unrestrained, bad unskillful Dharmas of desire and aversion would become overwhelming. For this reason, they practice restraint, protecting the faculty of sight, and achieving its restraint. |
Sotena saddaṃ sutvā … | When they hear a sound with their ears … |
But even if you were to "protect" a samādhi nimitta instead of "preserve" a samādhi nimitta, the resulting meditation instruction does not make much of a difference.
Whereas "preserving a child" doesn't make much sense, and leaves unanswered and ambiguous what aspect of the child we're preserving.
And in the all important guarding of the 6 sense doors, the passages relating to that occur much more frequently than the passage on protecting the samādhi nimitta.
Most importantly, "preserving" the 6 sense doors instead of 'protecting' the six sense doors leads to allowing defilements in to be 'preserved' instead of protecting us from them.
He's trying to shift the meaning of the child mother simile from the mother protecting the child paralleled with the meditator developing & [protecting] the unlimited heart [for the sake of all creatures]
to:
Mātā yathā niyaṃ puttam āyusā ekaputtam anurakkhe;
Just as a mother would preserve ... [her] only child,
Evampi sabbabhūtesu mānasaṃ bhāvaye aparimāṇaṃ.
so too [one] should develop a limitless heart for all creatures.
Atha kho, bhikkhave, caṇḍālavaṃsiko medakathālikaṃ antevāsiṃ etadavoca: | Then the acrobat said to Medakathālikā: |
‘tvaṃ, samma medakathālike, mamaṃ rakkha, ahaṃ taṃ rakkhissāmi. | ‘You look after me, dear Medakathālikā, and I’ll look after you. |
Evaṃ mayaṃ aññamaññaṃ guttā aññamaññaṃ rakkhitā sippāni ceva dassessāma, lābhañca lacchāma, sotthinā ca caṇḍālavaṃsā orohissāmā’ti. | That’s how, guarding and looking after each other, we’ll display our skill, collect our fee, and get down safely from the bamboo pole.’ |
Evaṃ vutte, bhikkhave, medakathālikā antevāsī caṇḍālavaṃsikaṃ etadavoca: | When he said this, Medakathālikā said to her teacher: |
‘na kho panetaṃ, ācariya, evaṃ bhavissati. | ‘That’s not how it is, teacher! |
Tvaṃ, ācariya, attānaṃ rakkha, ahaṃ attānaṃ rakkhissāmi. | You should look after yourself, and I’ll look after myself. |
Kathañca, bhikkhave, attānaṃ rakkhanto paraṃ rakkhati? | And how do you look after others by protecting yourself? |
Āsevanāya, bhāvanāya, bahulīkammena— | By development, cultivation, and practice of meditation. |
evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, attānaṃ rakkhanto paraṃ rakkhati. | |
Kathañca, bhikkhave, paraṃ rakkhanto attānaṃ rakkhati? | And how do you look after yourself by looking after others? |
Khantiyā, avihiṃsāya, mettacittatāya, anudayatāya— | By acceptance, harmlessness, friendliness, and kindness. |
evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, paraṃ rakkhanto attānaṃ rakkhati. | |
Attānaṃ, bhikkhave, rakkhissāmīti satipaṭṭhānaṃ sevitabbaṃ; | Thinking ‘I’ll look after myself,’ you should cultivate rememberfulness meditation. |
paraṃ rakkhissāmīti satipaṭṭhānaṃ sevitabbaṃ. | Thinking ‘I’ll look after others,’ you should cultivate rememberfulness meditation. |
Attānaṃ, bhikkhave, rakkhanto paraṃ rakkhati, paraṃ rakkhanto attānaṃ rakkhatī”ti. | Looking after yourself, you look after others; and looking after others, you look after yourself.” |
Mātā yathā niyaṁ puttam | Even as a mother would protect her own child, |
Āyusā eka-puttam-anu-rakkhe; | her only child, at the risk of her own life, |
Evam-pi sabba-bhūtesu, | so too towards all creatures [, for their safety and happiness, ] |
Mānasaṁ bhāvaye aparimāṇaṁ. | [You] should develop [and protect your] unlimited heart. |
To justify using an unusual way to interpret a metaphor, you first have to show how the usual way fails.
He doesn't even try.
Instead, he uses a straw man argument to try to discredit Thanissaro's interpretation of the simile (which is nearly identical to the one I outline in linked article above).
Not only that, Sujato builds his strawman argument in the most disingenuous way. He accuses Thanissaro of using a straw man argument, which hinges on a tangential non-essential point, without even acknowledging what Thanissaro's main points of the simile are, and why Sujato's simile interpretation is better than Thanissaro's.
I’ve tried reading bikkhu bodhi’s manual of abhidhamma a few times, but it goes over my head. Is there a good primer I could use to get a good foundation instead of jumping into the deep end?
level 1
Rather than tackle it, you should be running away from it as fast as you can to avoid being tackled by IT.
B.Bodhi says:
The Abhidhamma Piṭaka is obviously the product of a later phase in the evolution of Buddhist thought than the other two Piṭakas.
The Pāli version represents the Theravāda school’s attempt to systematize the older teachings. Other early schools apparently had their own Abhidhamma systems.
The Sarvāstivāda system is the only one whose canonical texts have survived intact in their entirety. Its canonical collection, like the Pāli version, also consists of seven texts. These were originally composed in Sanskrit but are preserved in full only in Chinese translation. The system they define differs significantly from that of its Theravāda counterpart in both formulation and philosophy.
(from Bhikkhu Bodhi’s In the Buddha’s Words introduction)
my comments:
If the Buddha didn't teach Abhidhamma to his original disciples, what makes you think teachings based on Buddhism that come a few hundred years later would be better than the Buddha's teaching?
I once spent about 80 hours researching Theravada Abhidhamma just to determine whether I should take up study of it in earnest.
I found that there was nothing there that seemed like it could bring something to the table that the Buddha didn't teach originally. That's a personal decision everyone has to make, but it helps to hear other people's experience.
For example, it's pretty common for people to need a year or more and prerequisite study just to work through an Abhidhamma PRIMER that is supposed to be a concise summary of Abhdhamma.
It's totally antithetical to the oral teaching of the core Dhamma, a small kernel of very basic principles the original disciples of the Buddha commit to memory and recite and reflect on regularly. The essence of Dhamma can be memorized in much less than 2 hours worth of chanting Dhamma.
It would take quite a bit of skill just to commit the simplified PRIMER on Abhidhamma to memory.
Also, will the real Abhidhamma stand up? Whereas the kernel of core original Dhamma, is consistent and nearly identical in all the 18 original schools of early Buddhism, their Abhidhammas are significantly different, and also claim different authors. Theravada says the Buddha taught it to Sariputta, which modern scholars have proven to be impossible. Other Abhidhamma schools regard their Abhidhamma as commentary not taught by the Buddha.
So if you decide Abhidhamma is for you, how do you even determine which is the right one to go with? It takes you a year just to get a handle on a simplified primer for Theravada Abhidhamma, who knows how long to compare with the other schools of Abhidhamma.
Run away, run far far away as fast as you can is my advice.
Mātā yathā niyaṁ puttam | Even as a mother would protect her own child, |
Āyusā eka-puttam-anu-rakkhe; | her only child, at the risk of her own life, |
Evam-pi sabba-bhūtesu, | so too towards all creatures [, for their safety and happiness, ] |
Mānasaṁ bhāvaye aparimāṇaṁ. | [You] should develop [and protect your] unlimited heart. |
First, let's examine something that happens fairly often in verse, using a Dhp passage to illustrate:
seṭṭho = surpeme.
Notice seṭṭho only appears twice in the four lines, but it acts as an adjective modifying all four objects, not just attaching to two of them as you would in normal situations.
♦ 273. | |
♦ maggān-aṭṭh-aṅgiko seṭṭho, | (Of all) paths,-(the)-Eight-fold [Path] (is) supreme; |
saccānaṃ caturo padā. | (of all) truths (the) Four [Noble Truths] (are) {supreme}; |
♦ virāgo seṭṭho dhammānaṃ, | Dis-passion (is the) supreme Dharma: |
Dvi-padānañca cakkhumā. | (among) two-footed [beings] (the) one-who-sees [, the Buddha] (is) {supreme}. |
Mātā yathā niyaṁ puttam | Even as a mother would protect her own child, |
Āyusā eka-puttam-anu-rakkhe; | her only child, at the risk of her own life, |
Evam-pi sabba-bhūtesu, | so too towards all creatures [, for their safety and happiness, ] |
Mānasaṁ bhāvaye aparimāṇaṁ. | [You] should develop [and protect your] unlimited heart. |
rakkha = protect.
rakkha is modifying two objects from two sections, not just the child.
1. First, notice that it's not saying the mother is sending metta to her child. It's saying the mother is PROTECTING her child, even at the risk of her own life. And what is she protecting the child from? Obviously from any danger that would harm the child.
2. So even though the second part, where it tells you to develop an unlimited heart, doesn't use the word 'rakkha' (protect), like the Dhammapada verse shown above, it's understood to be an adjective modifying two different objects, instead of just one.
3. And what is the meditator protecting? Not "all creatures", but the act of developing your unlimited heart.
That seems to be a near consensus among all the major pāḷi expert monks. Thanissaro, Dhammanando, Sujato, many more.
4. The last part of the passage, notice the key word is bhāva.
bhāva = develop, or cultivate.
Mānasaṁ bhāvaye aparimāṇaṁ. | [You] should develop [and protect your] unlimited heart. |
It's not telling you to cherish your child, or cherish all living beings.
It's telling you to develop and protect your unlimited heart.
You do that by infusing it with kindness, removing any ill will and greed or bias that would make the 'unlimited' heart 'limited' by bias, conditions, favoritism, distortion, delusion, etc.
And by protecting the unlimited heart, it automatically protects all living beings because an unlimited heart would not act out in a way to harm any being.
(end of article⏹️)
https://lucid24.org/kn/kn-snp/single/index.html#s1.8
Sutta Nipāta 1.8 | |
(2022 SP-FLUENT translation by frankk derived from B. Sujato )
Metta-sutta | 1.8 The Discourse on Friendly-kindness |
“Karaṇīyamatthakusalena, | This is what should be done by those who are skilled in goodness, |
Yanta santaṁ padaṁ abhisamecca; | and have known the state of peace. |
Sakko ujū ca suhujū ca, | Let them be able and upright, very upright, |
Sūvaco cassa mudu anatimānī. | easy to speak to, gentle and humble; |
Santussako ca subharo ca, | content and unburdensome, |
Appakicco ca sallahukavutti; | unbusied, living lightly, |
Santindriyo ca nipako ca, | alert, with senses calmed, |
Appagabbho kulesvananugiddho. | courteous, not fawning on families. |
Na ca khuddamācare kiñci, | Let them not do the slightest thing |
Yena viññū pare upavadeyyuṁ; | that others might blame with reason. |
Sukhino va khemino hontu, | May they be happy and safe! |
Sabbasattā bhavantu sukhitattā. | May all beings be happy! |
Ye keci pāṇabhūtatthi, | Whatever living creatures there are |
Tasā vā thāvarā vanavasesā; | with not a one left out— |
Dīghā vā ye va mahantā, | frail or firm, long or large, |
Majjhimā rassakā aṇukathūlā. | medium, small, tiny or round, |
Diṭṭhā vā ye va adiṭṭhā, | visible or invisible, |
Ye va dūre vasanti avidūre; | living far or near, |
Bhūtā va sambhavesī va, | those born or to be born: |
Sabbasattā bhavantu sukhitattā. | May all beings be happy! |
Na paro paraṁ nikubbetha, | Let none turn from another, |
Nātimaññetha katthaci na kañci; | nor look down on anyone anywhere. |
Byārosanā paṭigha-sañña, | Though provoked or aggrieved, |
Nāññamaññassa dukkham-iccheyya. | let them not wish pain on each other. |
Mātā yathā niyaṁ puttam | Even as a mother would protect her own child, |
Āyusā eka-puttam-anu-rakkhe; | her only child, at the risk of her own life, |
Evam-pi sabba-bhūtesu, | so too towards all creatures [, for their safety and happiness, ] |
Mānasaṁ bhāvaye aparimāṇaṁ. | [You] should develop [and protect your] unlimited heart. |
Mettañca sabbalokasmi, | With Friendly-kindness for the whole world, |
Mānasaṁ bhāvaye aparimāṇaṁ; | develop an unlimited heart. |
Uddhaṁ adho ca tiriyañca, | Above, below, all round, |
Asambādhaṁ a-veram-a-sapattaṁ. | unconstricted, without vengeful-animosity or hostility. |
Tiṭṭhaṁ caraṁ nisinno va, | When standing, walking, sitting, |
Sayāno yāvatāssa vitamiddho; | or lying down while yet unweary, |
Etaṁ satiṁ adhiṭṭheyya, | One is strongly determined to maintain this remembrance [of Dharma on metta], |
Brahmametaṁ vihāram-idhamāhu. | for this, they say, is a holy abiding in this life. |
Diṭṭhiñca anupaggamma, | Avoiding harmful views, |
Sīlavā dassanena sampanno; | virtuous, accomplished in insight, |
Kāmesu vinaya gedhaṁ, | with greed for sensuality removed, |
Na hi jātuggabbhaseyya punaretī”ti. | they never come back to a womb again. |
(end of sutta⏹️)
Mettasuttaṁ aṭṭhamaṁ. | (metta sutta was the 8th sutta in this section) |