Jain's JhÄna scripture excerpted from Gabriel's article Why should we assume that Jains practiced a meditation with thought and investigation? Arbel (2016, 34) observes that of the Buddhist meditation vocabulary only vitakka and vicÄra appear in ancient Jain texts. The Jain TattvÄrtha SÅ«tra, describing different kinds of dhyÄna (PÄli JhÄna), says in sutras 9.43-44 that vitarka (PÄli vitakka) is scriptural knowledge (Åruta) and that vicÄra is a shifting between the object, its word, and its activity (Tatia 1994, 242). In 9.42 it also states, however, that there is meditation without vicÄra. It has not been sufficiently researched how old the ancient Jain literature is, but this could be another hint that meditation with vitakka and vicÄra were common among ascetics of the Buddha’s time. Frank comment That's exactly how it works in the EBT. sati ("mindfulness") remembers Dharma scriptural language in the form of verbal thoughts (vitakka), a communicable
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